1.   NETWORK


What is Network ?
              Network is the way of linking two or more computer is called network.Network is built mix with a computer hardware and computer software.Network is made of by cable,infrared lights,radio active waves,satelights,wi-fi.
             There are bassically four types of netwok

   1  LAN       ( Local Area Network )
   2  MAN      ( Metropolitan Area Network )
   3  CAN       ( Campus Area Network )
   4  WAN      ( Wide Area Network )

LAN -:

        A Local Area Network is a computer network in specified geography area like a home,office,group of building.Computer in the lan access other device on the lan.These could include data,processing power & the ability to communi

MAN -:                                                                              

         A network that connect two or more local area networks or CANs together but does not extend beyond the boundries of the town,city or metropolitan area network.

CAN-:
           A network that connect two or more LANs but that is limited to specific geography area such as a college campus , industrial complex, or a militry base. It can be considered one from of a metropolitan area network , specific to an academic setting.    

       

WAN -:
           As the term implies , A wan spans a large physical distance . The internet is the largest wan, spanning the earth . when multimle lans area connected to each other is callede wan.

What is Networking ?
                 Sharing of the data between to or more computer is called Networking .
              
    Networking is two type -: 

    1  Pear to pear    ( workgroup)
    2  Demain

Pear to Pear -:
                      It is a group of  computer all clinte working system in depanded.

Demain -:
                It is a group of computer all clinte depand on the main Server .

Three types of communication

1. Bounded Communication -: Bounded communication which use to the LAN and use 
                                            to the cable .
2. Unbounded Communication -: This communication use to the LAN and WAN which
                                             use to the cable and wireless .
3. Public Communication -: This use to wide area network which use to the wireless
                                          and wi-fi .
           
                  Bounded Communication

         This communication use three categery.

1.  Twisted Pear Cable -: Twisted Pear Cable use to the connector RJ-11 and RJ-45 .
2. Coaxial Pear Cable -: This cable use to the backside of TV .
3. Fiber OPtical Cable -: This cable use to the data transfer beam and laser. It data
                                    transfer 2GB and distance of 25KM .

                  TWISTED PEAR CABLE

         Two types of twisted pear cable.
1. UTP            ( Unshieled Twisted Pear cable )
2. STP             ( Shieled Twisted Pear cable )

UTP-:
                This use to transfer the voice and data . This cable 8 categery .

CAT             PAIR             CABLE          CONNECTOR         DATA SPEED

1.                    2                      4                    RJ-11                 Voice Transfer   
2.                    4                      8                    RJ-45                    4 mbps
3.                    4                      8                    RJ-45                   10 mbps
4.                    4                      8                    RJ-45                   16 mbps
5.                    4                      8                    RJ-45                   100mbps
6.                    4                      8                    RJ-45                   100mbps
7.                    4                      8                    RJ-45                   100mbps
5E                   4                      8                   RJ-45                   1000mbps          


                         COAXIAL CABLE    

 Two types of this cable-:

1. 10 Base 2
2. 10 Base 5

  CABLE     TECHNOLGY     CONNECTER     DISTANCE    DATA     
                                                                                                                                         SPEED  
1. 10 Base 2    Thin Ethernet            BNC        185meter          10 mbps
2. 10 Base 5    Thick Ethernet          AUI         500meter          10 mbps

    Three types Technolgy used in Network -:

1. Ethernet -: Etherney is a networking which used to the network .

2. Bus -: Bus is the set of track is signel which use to the data transfer between to device .

3. UART -:This is a chip which use to the data transfer serial to parller and parller to serial .
                          

               TWO TYPES OF CABLING

1. Cross Cable -:When we are attach two computer. It means we used to cross cable .

2. Straight Cable -: When we went to attach two or more computer. we used to the Hub

& Swich by straight cable .

                                   2. TOPOLOGY

What is Topology ?

Physical sutructure of network is called Topology . five types of topology .

1. Bus

2. Ring

3. Star

4. Mash

5. Wireless

Bus Topology -:

                                      In this topology all system connect with a single Bus . We can share the data transfer single computer in single time . It use to the coaxail cable and BNC connector .

(Protocol-CSMA,CD)

Ring Topology-:

                                         In this topology all system connect with a single wire. We can use to transfer the data is token protocol .

Star Topology -:

                                        In this topology all system connect with Hub or Swich. It is a latest topology . It use to twisted pair cable and RJ-45 connector. We use to one time and more computer work .

Mash Topology-:

                                         In this topology all system connect with a interconnect. We use to the more lan card and use to twisted pair cable ,RJ-45 connector.

Wireless Topology-:

                                                  in this topology all system connect with a interconnect. We use to the one PC to the modem .

                                       3. OSI MODEL

Open System Interconnect developed by ISO .

ISO -:

          ISO developed by United State Company ( International Sdandred Organigation )

OSI-:

               7 step to complete the all world communication. It define the data will be transfer two device . OSI model developed by ISO .

1. Application Layer-:

                                    To start the communication . We use to an interface and application layer.It means use cto the application layer.

2. Presentation Layer-:

                                    It is responsiable convert the data transable incorupt or discorupt. Model and format .

3. Session Layer-:

                              This layer use to creating , setting, and managing this session .

4. Transport Layer-:

                                It use to convert the data in to segement. It provide end to end great delivery

transfer the data. It define the port no .

5. Network Layer-:

                             It use to network device addressing tracking of the network device. It convert the data in to packet .

6. Data Link Layer-:

                               It is responsiable transfer the data acctual and physical network.It  convert  the data into frame it has two sub layer

LLC ( Logical Link Controller )

MAC ( Media Access controller )

7. Physical Layer-:

                              Physical layer is use to bit and byte transfer the data. It use to link a media cable and lan card or hub .

Hub - Only physical address this know.

Swich - Physical and logycal address this know.


                              4. LAN COMPONENT

                It is the simple term a lan is no of computer that sharing information and resources lan
components are devided in to categary.

1. Hardware
2. Software

Hardware Component -:
                                        It is the basic component used for the networking , every PC must be
install lan card. Then only it can connected to a network hub or switch . It is hardware device to computer to cummunicate over acomputer network. It is both two layer used Physical or data
link layer. This is a computer physical address . It used to RJ-45 connector use to the lan card.
It transfer the data 10,100,1000 MBPS

HUB -: 
            Hub is a physical device transfer the data 10 mbps speed . It support & does broadcasting
as any data coming to the hub. It send to all pc taht are attached with it.

SWITCH -:
                     Switch is a data link layer device. It also support broadcasting. It provide 10,100,
1000 mbps data tranfer speed work in full duplex mode. It create logical link between computer on the network and provides point to point communication on the network.

                                                Difference between hub and switch

                                 HUB                                                              SWITCH

1. Physical layer device                                             Data link layer device
2. Speed 10 mbps                                                       Speed 10,100,1000mbps
3. Does & broadcasting                                            Support broadcasting                                             
4 Work on half duplex                                              Work on full duplex                                 
5. Low costing                                                            Higher costing
6. Flood the packets                                                  Point to point commuication.

ROUTER-:

                   Router is a network layer and Electronics device and use to LAN and WAN.It Routes data between network useing IP addressing Routers provide firewall security. Basically it work as gatway for particular network.

Software-:

1. NOS

2. Network service

3. Protocols

                                          5. PROTOCOL

Protocol-: 

                 Protocol is the set of rules to complete one particular communication on the network.How data are transmitted between computing device and

 over network.

Connection Less -:

                                This use to the wide area network. It is not responsiable data to reach the another computer.

Connection Oriental -:

                                    This is use to local area network . It is full responsiable data to reach the another computer . Another computer reply again .

                                        Basically four types of Protocol 

1. TCP/IP Protocol

2.  IPX/SPX Protocol

3.  Net BEUI Protocol

4.  Apple Talk

1.    TCP / IP -:

                TCP-:  This protocol use to the local area network. It is connection
oriental protocol. It support almost all kind of oprating system. These are
transport and network layer protocol.

               IP -:    This use to wide are network. It is connection less.

2.   IPX / SPX
                     IPX -:  This use to connection less. which use to the network  
layer  protocol .
                          
                    SPX-:  This use to the connection oriental. which use to the
transport layer protocol.

3.   Net BEUI-: 
                                This protocol use to the connection oriental protocal. It
work at maximum two hundard (200) computer by IBM company. It use to
small network. It use to doc oprating system. This protocol use by NOVEL
company.

4.   Apple Talk-:
                               This protocol use to lan. It is a connection oriental and
connection less. It was encluded in the original Macintosh. It use to the apple
talk oprating system.